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Thiamine

Not to be confused with Thymine.

Thiamine
Skeletal formula and ball-and-stick model of the thiamine cation
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˈθaɪ.əmɪn/ THY-ə-min
Other namesVitamin B1, aneurine, thiamin
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Routes of
administration		by mouth, IV, IM[1]
Drug classvitamin
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability3.7% to 5.3% (Thiamine hydrochloride)[2]
Identifiers
  • 2-[3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium-5-yl]ethanol
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC12H17N4OS+
Molar mass265.36 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • cation: Cc2ncc(C[n+]1csc(CCO)c1C)c(N)n2
  • cation: InChI=1S/C12H17N4OS/c1-8-11(3-4-17)18-7-16(8)6-10-5-14-9(2)15-12(10)13/h5,7,17H,3-4,6H2,1-2H3,(H2,13,14,15)/q+1 checkY
  • Key:JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Thiamine, also known as thiamin and vitamin B1, is a vitamin, an essential micronutrient for humans and animals.[3][4] It is found in food and commercially synthesized to be a dietary supplement or medication.[1][5] Phosphorylated forms of thiamine are required for some metabolic reactions, including the breakdown of glucose and amino acids.[1]

Food sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, and some meats and fish.[1][6] Grain processing removes much of the vitamin content, so in many countries cereals and flours are enriched with thiamine.[1] Supplements and medications are available to treat and prevent thiamine deficiency and the disorders that result from it such as beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy. They are also used to treat maple syrup urine disease and Leigh syndrome. Supplements and medications are typically taken by mouth, but may also be given by intravenous or intramuscular injection.[7]

Thiamine supplements are generally well tolerated. Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, may occur when repeated doses are given by injection.[7][8] Thiamine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[9] It is available as a generic medication, and in some countries as a non-prescription dietary supplement.[7]

  1. ^ a b c d e "Thiamin Fact Sheets for Health Professionals". Office of Dietary Supplements. 11 February 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  2. ^ Smithline HA, Donnino M, Greenblatt DJ (February 2012). "Pharmacokinetics of high-dose oral thiamine hydrochloride in healthy subjects". BMC Clinical Pharmacology. 12 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/1472-6904-12-4. PMC 3293077. PMID 22305197.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference PKIN2020B1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference DRItext was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "Thiamine: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  6. ^ "Thiamin". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  7. ^ a b c American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. "Thiamine Hydrochloride". Drugsite Trust (Drugs.com). Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  8. ^ Kliegman RM, Stanton B (2016). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 322. ISBN 9781455775668. There are no cases of adverse effects of excess thiamine... A few isolated cases of puritis...
  9. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

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